Quality and Safety in Health Care for Diagnostic- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theQuality and Safety in Health Care for Patient Diagnostic. Answer: Presentation This is essentially characterized as a mistake that happens when medicinal services supplier misunderstands the analysis. There are occurrences when this mistake isn't too high while other example intense (Singh et al., 2013). The indicative blunder can cause significant misfortunes like demise and some of the time bring about all out incapacity. There is a need of joint effort between network psychological well-being specialist organizations and inpatient clinic administrations suppliers in offering the best support of the patients. On occasion they should include patients themselves in their everyday treatment to accomplish the ideal outcome (Walsh, J., Boyle, 2009). This paper will concentrate on the kinds of analytic blunders, factors causing symptomatic mistakes, measures to decrease these mistakes by utilizing the writing accessible and the level of individuals influenced. Fretful administrations are administrations given to the patient by the medical clinic coordinated by the social insurance proficient with a reason to mind and offer treatment of scatters and different infections (Absulem Hardin, 2010). They incorporate bed and board/emergency clinic offices, clinical social administrations, helpful and guiding administrations, clinical/careful administrations and administrations offered by private-obligation medical caretaker or specialist (Chare et al., 2014). Network psychological wellness administrations is characterized as administrations gave by the administration associations and emotional wellness experts offering support to a specific chose topographical zone. Network emotional wellness administrations can likewise be an arrangement of private or good cause associations. Network psychological well-being administrations isn't constrained to it and can likewise offer day places, neighborhood essential consideration clinical administrations, up held lodging, network emotional well-being focuses, and self improvement gatherings for psychological well-being (Sue et al., 1991). There are preferences that collect from applying network based administrations for the emotional wellness and the remember helping for appraisal of requirements for specific administrations and help with figuring out where the offices can endure utilization of populace pointers (Jorm, 2012). The other advantage may incorporate assisting with alter the course that constrained the patients to be ousted from their homes and neighborhoods once in the past happened where establishment were intended for huge catchment. And furthermore it furnishes with a stage at which general grown-ups psychological wellness can be resolved. Sorts of symptomatic mistakes in medication An inappropriate determination otherwise called misdiagnosis happens when a specialist recognizes an inappropriate disease in a patient. For example, a specialist could determine a patient to have HIV/AIDs when the patient is HIV/AIDs free (Singh, et al., 2013). Missed conclusion is another symptomatic mistake and is where a specialist gives a physician's approval while the patient is, truth be told, sick. The other blunder is Delayed misdiagnosis which is exceptionally normal in demonstrative mistakes and happens where the specialist recognizes the correct sickness yet after quite a while (Bradford et al., 2009). Inability to analyze an irrelevant sickness is the other case and is the place a specialist will distinguish a malady and neglect to analyze random ailment. Inability to analyze a related malady is likewise experienced and this is the place the specialist distinguishes the correct sickness or ailment yet neglects to analyze the furthermore related infection which could be the reason for the other ailment or result from it. The extent of indicative blunder It is the objective of clinical professionals in both network and emergency clinics to give the best medicines to the patients at whatever point they are unwell through protected and excellent consideration, yet on occasion individuals, tragically, get hurt. A ton has been done and keeps on being done to comprehend this worldwide test (dangerous human services) makes suggestions and how fix it. As indicated by an investigation that was done in a high-pay nation, it was discovered that a 5% of grown-ups who are in outpatient settings experience symptomatic mistakes, half of which had intense damage. It is indicated that regular symptomatic mistakes were found in patients with intense renal disappointment 5%, pneumonia 7%, Cancer 5%, decompensate congestive cardiovascular breakdown 5% and urinary tract contamination at 5%. Youngsters are at the most serious dangers of misdiagnosis since the main barely any measures of exploration in presence is about constrained to grown-ups patients. There are more than 12 million Americans who endure and experience misdiagnosis and it is evaluated that nearly everybody will encounter misdiagnosis in the course of their life, some of which would bring about high results. This is as per a 2014 based investigation. It was discovered that one out of 20 outpatients had either been given an inappropriate data on the reason for their ailment, rewarded for illnesses they didn't have or experienced deferred treatment. Not at all like solid grown-ups who can tell when they are debilitated, youngsters have greater difficulties telling when they are wiped out or what they are feeling. There is additionally an issue of mistaken remedy which results from poor penmanship, disarray of medications with comparative names, unseemly truncations, abuse of decimal focuses, zeros and so forth. In the U.S alone, a 1999 report distributed by the Institute of Medicine named To Err Is Human stunned networks of clinical experts by detailing that 98,000 individuals kick the bucket because of mix-ups in emergency clinics. Various clinical experts restricted the report yet now they are tolerating it bit by bit (Sue et al., 1991). The main kind of paid clinical acts of neglect claims is indicative blunders and it is about twofold in the passings of people in contrast with different cases. On occasion hurt doesn't happen because of analytic mistakes particularly when the patients manifestations resolve even with an inappropriate determination. Be that as it may, mistakes can cause hurt on account of deferred fitting treatment, treatment of wrong ailment, forestall suitable treatment, and on numerous events bringing about the mental and budgetary weight. Indicative mistakes There is no single equation material and that can lessen the symptomatic mistakes and accomplished the ideal changes. Different strides to improve the wreckage must be looked for and require critical duty as indicated by an advisory groups end. Components causing demonstrative mistakes Patients inability to give precise clinical history, or family neglecting to obviously furnish a background marked by a patient with subjective brokenness. Absence of information to look for earnest consideration from wellbeing suppliers. Mistaken doctor assessment of the issue. Human services suppliers absence of information on the significant condition, among others. Absence of sufficient correspondence and cooperation between clinicians, patients just as their families. Poor structure of human services framework that underpins analytic procedure. A few societies that demoralize straightforwardness and divulgence of demonstrative blunders which causes this symptomatic mistakes to proceed Limiting the patient wellbeing issue The board of trustees arrived at a few decisions one being a prerequisite for earnest changes to address the issue of symptomatic blunder, which is a significant test in quality medicinal services. Unsuitable quantities of patients of both normal and uncommon sicknesses keep on experiencing the industriousness of demonstrative blunders in all parts, and there is little consideration paid on exploration or human services practice, to the event of indicative mistakes. On the off chance that this continues each individual should encounter a symptomatic mistake at any rate once in the course of their life (McFadden, Henagan, Gowen, 2009). An ongoing report gauges that grown-ups who look for outpatient benefits in the U.S, 5% of them have been wrongly analyzed. 10% of patients passings as per the analysts Postmortem assessment show that they are contributed by demonstrative blunder (Ely, Graber, Croskerry, 2011). Second, Healthcare calling ought to include patients and furthermore their f amilies to in teaching them on the likely explanations of demonstrative blunder and the potential methods of improving indicative procedure. This is on the grounds that understanding and their families have the correct data on the analytic history (Naidu, 2009). Third, Intra and between proficient cooperation where analytic procedure relying upon the patient medical issue, different sorts of medicinal services proficient can be included, for example, essential consideration clinicians, attendants, technocrats, advisors, social specialists and so forth. (Vyas et al., 2012).The board of trustees saw that the significant supporters of clinical mistakes are deficient collaboration and correspondence .Fourth, the utilization of wellbeing data innovation (wellbeing IT) will enable solid analytic testing to result. Giving patients a chance of learning the procedure of finding just as making an opportunity for patients family incorporation in endeavors to improve the procedure by learning of surprising result was likewise to a great extent proposed. Quiet centere viewpoint. It is vital to consider indicative procedure as a patient focused point of view since the patient is bears the danger of analytic related damage (Shumba, Atukunda, Memiah, 2013). Along these lines perceiving patients as the significant accomplices in the analytic procedure and social insurance framework ought to be unavoidable and should be energized and bolster their commitment in help of deferential gaining from the procedure. Rules and quality markers for best acts of determination Social insurance experts ought to include patients and furthermore their families to in instructing them on the likely explanations of indicative mistake and the potential methods of improving analytic procedure (Carman et al., 2013). This is significant on the grounds that the patient to be explicit necessities to have the information about the likelihood of a mistake happening during finding forms just as their families since they are additionally significant later on particularly if the patient would turn out to be mentally influenced. By instructing the family and the patient proper treatment can be wear

The Negative Effects of Violence on TV Essay Free Essays

The aggregate of power on broadcasting presents is inacceptable. The stuff that you see on shows that are â€Å"supposedly for kids† only don’t appear it. As increasingly more savage broadcasting shows and plans are disclosed each individual dull. We will compose a custom paper test on The Negative Effects of Violence on TV Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now childs are influenced by it in a negative way. Surveies have demonstrated that revelations of power to childs at early ages will affect them intellectually. They will either get down to accept nil of power. or on the other hand be over-scared due to what he/she may hold seen on Television. The Television stations ought to non be permitted to uncover this kind of stuff and power to childs at such early ages. in light of the delayed consequences it will hang on the teenagers and children. Above all else. there is way too much power on broadcasting whether it is on some head cut channel. or then again even a Saturday forenoon sketch plan. For some head cut Television appears. there are three to five hours rough Acts of the Apostless per hr. For each Saturday plan for childs. there are around twenty to 25 vicious Acts of the Apostless per hr. ( Frazier ) This shows how much power there is on â€Å"children shows† . In an example for the National Television Violence Study. it was discovered that around 60 for every centum of ten-thousand broadcasting plans contained savage stuff. ( Kunkel ) That is a cluster! That study â€Å"identified a standard of 6. 000 fierce collaborations in an individual hebdomad of programming over the 23 channels that were inspected. counting both communicate and abroad wire networks. The greater part of the savage shows ( 53 % ) contained fatal Acts of the Apostless. what's more, one out of four of the plans with power ( 25 % ) delineated the utilization of a weapon. ( Kunkel ) That implies that the main part of broadcasting appears. regardless of whether for kids or non. will hold power on that arrangement the greater part the time. ) Statisticss other than demonstrated that the mean arrangement for kids all the more as often as possible contained more power so the mean Adult Television. Indeed, even in some â€Å"G† appraised films. there is power. That is exorbitantly unfortunate especially as a result of the impacts it causes. Presently. on the off chance that you put that detail alongside how much children sit in front of the Television every day. â€Å"An mean American child tickers broadcasting 21-23 hours for every hebdomad. ( Frazier ) That implies per hebdomad. 60 for each centum of those 20s or so hours will hold something fierce that will hold a negative result on the children. Other than. fitting to the American Psychiatric Association in 1996. youngsters will hold saw 10. 000 phony slayings and 200. 000 Acts of the Apostless of power by the age of 18. ( Frazier ) Besides rehashed introduction to constrain from broadcasting is undesirable for the child’s character. With childs being around power while viewing â€Å"kid’s shows† . â€Å"the youngster turns out to be less delicate towards its impacts on casualties and the human suffering it causes. ( Boyse ) Research has demonstrated in the past mature ages that the power on broadcasts so has a negative result on kids. Research from the National Institute of Mental Health in 1982. power is said to take to forceful conduct by children and teenagers. Indeed, even before this. one of the most notable surveies done in 1963 by Bandura demonstrated that power has a significant result on the individuals that see it. â€Å"He had a gathering of children see a Television image of a hypothetical record who kicked and rebuffed a hyperbolic plastic doll. After the screening. the children were put in an uproar live with different children who had non seen the image. Those that saw the image showed essentially more forceful conduct than the individuals who didn’t. † Other surveies indicated that childs who saw fierce sketchs had a high chance to non parcel their toys with others. Another review made in 1972 with Liebert and Baron. affirmed the discoveries of Bandura. â€Å"This review examined children’s ability to hurt different children in the wake of sing forceful Television plans. Two gatherings of children viewed an alternate Television plan. one of which had forceful substance and one of which was generic. The individuals who saw the forceful arrangement ( The Untouchables ) were seen as all the more ready to throb another child in the wake of sing the arrangement than the individuals who viewed the generic arrangement ( a way race ) . † ( Frazier ) These unsafe impacts from the power depicted on broadcasting are gathered into three essential classs ; â€Å"children’s obtaining of forceful perspectives and practices ; desensitization. or then again an expanded mercilessness towards casualties of power ; and expanded or exaggerated dread of being misled forcibly. While these impacts reflect ominous outcomes. it is the first †an expanded inclining for vicious conduct †that is at the core of open wellbeing worry about broadcast power. † ( Kunkel ) Back to desensitization. â€Å"According to the article â€Å"Media Violence. † the American media shows legends reasonably using power as an office to choose battle. The American Academy of Pediatrics site proposes that attracted out presentation to this sort of power increases confidence of power as an organization of maintain excursion sources of income. The 1995 to 1997 AAP National Television Study indicated that 61 for every centum of programming â€Å"portrayed relational power. a lot of it in an engaging or glamorized mode. † Children are attracted to such booking when the brutal demonstration appears to be phantasmagoric and the insufficiency of impact appealing. † ( Adams ) He other than expressed that power is both disinfected. â€Å"By sterilized. prompt harming and desolation by survivors of power is remembered for not exactly 50% of all scenes of power. In excess of a third of vicious cooperations portray ridiculously gentle injury to casualties. horribly limiting the disagreeableness of hurt that would occur from such activities in the existent universe. In sum. most word pictures sterilize power by doing it seem to be substantially less agonizing and less unsafe than it genuinely is. By glamorized. I imply that power is performed by appealing capacity hypothetical records who are as often as possible legitimized for moving strongly and who endure no remorse. negative judgment. or on the other hand discipline for their brutal conduct. In excess of a third of all power is submitted by alluring characters. what's more, more than 66% of the power they submit happens with no characteristics of punishment. † ( Kunkel ) One other employment children may defy is overexposure to compel. â€Å"Overexposure to drive. furthermore, unconventionally sensibly portrayed power. may take children to accept that the universe is primarily a perilous and uncertain topographic point. They may get down to exaggerate the likelihood that they will be casualties of power. go forthing them with undue uneasiness and accentuation. ( Frazier ) Other than doing passionate occupations. it can do some mischief to a child’s turning character or moral thought processes. â€Å"Sigmund Freud accepted that children need to build up a feeling of ethical quality by the age of five or they could see inconveniences sometime down the road. On the off chance that a child doesn’t figure out how to comprehend the distinction among right and wrong. she will non build up a legitimate fear of blame or remorse. what's more, will consequently be bound to arraign imprudently in practices that are considered socially and ethically off base. The article â€Å"Children. Teenagers. furthermore, Television† states that exploration has demonstrated broadcasting power to hold a negative result on the scholastic open introduction. sex. natural structure develops. also, mental self views of juvenile review crowds. which can take to brutal or forceful conduct and substance abuse. † ( Adams ) Nowadays. with these â€Å"reality shows† on MTV. The E Network. and so on it’s simple and typical to see power. Childs that watch â€Å"The Kardashians† and â€Å"Teen Mom† see their preferred celebrated people act in a way that is amateurish on broadcasting. be that as it may, they don’t know better. They need to be just similar to them. TV programs like those truly use power and â€Å"incidents† to help raise their assessment and notoriety. ( Caning ) With these psychological impacts caused from unnecessarily much screening of power. this demonstrates how broadcasting planning should be progressively delicate for the substance made for kids. In add-on. guardians ought to other than look for and loan in filtrating what their children watch on broadcasting. There are diverse stairss you can take. that would perchance be able to let your child to non be presented to such power on Television appears. You can look for and watch broadcasting with your childs. That way. you’ll recognize what they watch. also, you can order the substance. ( Boyse ) Other choices incorporate seeing the substance of the arrangement or potentially only allocating them a shorter aggregate of clasp to stare at the Television. At any rate that way. there is a littler open door for power in the littler clasp space. ( Frazier ) One other great way to keep up your child’s mind off of broadcasting is look for and secure them included like different exercises. Sports. perusing. occupations. and so on ; anything like that. Another great idea is look for and address your childs about power in media. On the off chance that you can elucidate to them why power is erroneous. so you can be increasingly eased and swear them. ( Boyse ) Good conveying is cardinal. On the off chance that you attempt to change over to your child that you are simply looking to be concerned and mindful. they’ll comprehend the point you are looking to do. In choice. I accept that children merit better than what is by and by going on. As their capacity hypothetical records. we have to help do their â€Å"future† safe. We have to forbid all power from children’s planning. TV slots shouldn’t be permitted to uncover improper stuff and power to

Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People

Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Print Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Mixmike/E+ / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Eating disorders affect people of all ages, genders, ethnicities, and sexual orientations. However, they may disproportionately affect members of certain groups, such as members of a sexual minority. These groups comprise anyone who does not identify as entirely heterosexual, including people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; those who report attractions to people of the same or multiple genders; and individuals who report engaging in sexual contact with people of the same or multiple genders. Unfortunately, most of the eating disorder research to date has focused on heterosexual cisgender white women. Less is known about eating disorders among people with diverse sexual orientations. Furthermore, this community faces unique and additional stressorsâ€"such as stigma and discriminationâ€"that may affect health. Another confounding factor is that many studies and articles lump together gender-diverse and sexually-diverse people under the umbrella LGBTQâ€"lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. However, gender identity and sexual orientation describe different phenomena. Research findings from studies of sexually diverse groups are not necessarily applicable to gender identity diverse groups and vice versa. Transgender people can have any sexual orientation, including heterosexual. This article will focus on diverse sexual orientation only. For gender diversity in eating disorders, please see Eating Disorders inTransgender People. Even accepting this restriction, gay, lesbian, and bisexual people represent a very diverse group. Research often fails to capture intersecting identities that can increase oppression and stigmaâ€"people who are members of multiple marginalized groups may have different experiences as a result of this. Thus, generalizing findings from a group of people who identify as gay or lesbian or bisexual to all people who identify as gay or lesbian or bisexual is not always valid. Prevalence of Eating Disorders in LGB People Only a few studies have investigated sexual orientation and eating disorders in adolescents. Some school-based studies have shown that gay boys and boys with same-sex partners had more disordered eating behaviors and more body dissatisfaction than their heterosexual peers. One study found that gay and bisexual secondary school boys and girls were more likely to report purging and diet pill use than their heterosexual peers. Among Men Research has consistently demonstrated that gay and bisexual men are disproportionately affected by eating disorders. While only about 3% of the US male population is gay or bisexual, estimates of the percentage of males with eating disorders who are gay or bisexual range from 14 to 42%. A common myth and sometimes stigmatizing factor for men witheating disorders is that they are often presumed to be gay. It’s important to note that the majority of males with eating disorders are still heterosexual. The same holds for sub-clinical eating disorders. Compared to heterosexual men, gay and bisexual men also exhibit more symptoms of disordered eating. One study found that the number of gay and bisexual men with symptoms of disordered eating was ten times higher than among heterosexual men. What You Need to Know About Male Eating Disorders Among Women Among lesbian and bisexual women, findings regarding eating disorders are more mixed. Some studies report increased levels of disordered eating among lesbian and bisexual women, but others show no significant difference from the rates in heterosexual women. One explanation for these conflicting findings may be the lack of efforts to distinguish between the different groups of homosexual women or between queer women of different ethnic groups. A commonly held belief is that lesbian and bisexual girls and women are at reduced risk for eating disorders compared to heterosexual females. Unfortunately, this can lead to a lower likelihood of lesbian and bisexual females with eating disorders getting diagnosed and accessing treatment. Theories About Mechanisms of Eating Disorders in LGB People Some of the disparities among prevalence rates between LGB people and their heterosexual peers may be explained by the minority stress model. People of marginalized groups frequently face victimization, discrimination, and adversity arising from their stigmatized identities. They also may receive less social support from family. These stressors can lead to increased risk for a number of health and mental health problems. In terms of eating disorders, people who identify as LGB may attempt to manage stress and distress through behaviors such as dieting or bingeing, which are in turn common symptoms of eating disorders. Further theories posit that gay culture and the gay community place a heightened focus on physical appearance, putting pressures and demands on gay men that are similar to those felt by heterosexual women. Applying this same lens to lesbian and bisexual women, it has been proposed they may be less prone to eating disorders because they do not share the standards of feminine beauty and pressures placed on heterosexual women by Western culture. While provocative, these theories about the role of physical appearance have not been tested and there is a profound risk in reducing eating disorders in a large group of diverse people to a single mechanism. There is much more to eating disorders than body image. Eating disorders are caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Body Image and Eating Disorders Treatment of LGB People With Eating Disorders There are no treatments specifically for LGB people with eating disorders. Treatments developed for heterosexual patients may be effective when applied with cultural sensitivity. It is important for providers to attend to issues about sexual identity. Therapists can help patients to address internalized homophobia and coming out and to work on self-acceptance and increasing self-esteem. Because LGB people may lack social support, increasing it can also be an important focus of treatment. Unfortunately, LGB people can face increased barriers to treatment. Almost all of the materials about eating disorders are written for cisgender heterosexual women so diverse people may not feel welcome at eating disorder treatment facilities. LGB people may face a lack of culturally competent providers who have both eating disorder expertise and sensitivity to the complexity of their sexual identity. Or they may feel uncomfortable talking about their experiences in treatment environments where the majority of people are heterosexual. They may need extra support and connection with other LGB people. When that cannot be found within their treatment environment, they may find it in support communities online. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People

Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Print Eating Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on February 06, 2020 Mixmike/E+ / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Eating disorders affect people of all ages, genders, ethnicities, and sexual orientations. However, they may disproportionately affect members of certain groups, such as members of a sexual minority. These groups comprise anyone who does not identify as entirely heterosexual, including people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; those who report attractions to people of the same or multiple genders; and individuals who report engaging in sexual contact with people of the same or multiple genders. Unfortunately, most of the eating disorder research to date has focused on heterosexual cisgender white women. Less is known about eating disorders among people with diverse sexual orientations. Furthermore, this community faces unique and additional stressorsâ€"such as stigma and discriminationâ€"that may affect health. Another confounding factor is that many studies and articles lump together gender-diverse and sexually-diverse people under the umbrella LGBTQâ€"lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. However, gender identity and sexual orientation describe different phenomena. Research findings from studies of sexually diverse groups are not necessarily applicable to gender identity diverse groups and vice versa. Transgender people can have any sexual orientation, including heterosexual. This article will focus on diverse sexual orientation only. For gender diversity in eating disorders, please see Eating Disorders inTransgender People. Even accepting this restriction, gay, lesbian, and bisexual people represent a very diverse group. Research often fails to capture intersecting identities that can increase oppression and stigmaâ€"people who are members of multiple marginalized groups may have different experiences as a result of this. Thus, generalizing findings from a group of people who identify as gay or lesbian or bisexual to all people who identify as gay or lesbian or bisexual is not always valid. Prevalence of Eating Disorders in LGB People Only a few studies have investigated sexual orientation and eating disorders in adolescents. Some school-based studies have shown that gay boys and boys with same-sex partners had more disordered eating behaviors and more body dissatisfaction than their heterosexual peers. One study found that gay and bisexual secondary school boys and girls were more likely to report purging and diet pill use than their heterosexual peers. Among Men Research has consistently demonstrated that gay and bisexual men are disproportionately affected by eating disorders. While only about 3% of the US male population is gay or bisexual, estimates of the percentage of males with eating disorders who are gay or bisexual range from 14 to 42%. A common myth and sometimes stigmatizing factor for men witheating disorders is that they are often presumed to be gay. It’s important to note that the majority of males with eating disorders are still heterosexual. The same holds for sub-clinical eating disorders. Compared to heterosexual men, gay and bisexual men also exhibit more symptoms of disordered eating. One study found that the number of gay and bisexual men with symptoms of disordered eating was ten times higher than among heterosexual men. What You Need to Know About Male Eating Disorders Among Women Among lesbian and bisexual women, findings regarding eating disorders are more mixed. Some studies report increased levels of disordered eating among lesbian and bisexual women, but others show no significant difference from the rates in heterosexual women. One explanation for these conflicting findings may be the lack of efforts to distinguish between the different groups of homosexual women or between queer women of different ethnic groups. A commonly held belief is that lesbian and bisexual girls and women are at reduced risk for eating disorders compared to heterosexual females. Unfortunately, this can lead to a lower likelihood of lesbian and bisexual females with eating disorders getting diagnosed and accessing treatment. Theories About Mechanisms of Eating Disorders in LGB People Some of the disparities among prevalence rates between LGB people and their heterosexual peers may be explained by the minority stress model. People of marginalized groups frequently face victimization, discrimination, and adversity arising from their stigmatized identities. They also may receive less social support from family. These stressors can lead to increased risk for a number of health and mental health problems. In terms of eating disorders, people who identify as LGB may attempt to manage stress and distress through behaviors such as dieting or bingeing, which are in turn common symptoms of eating disorders. Further theories posit that gay culture and the gay community place a heightened focus on physical appearance, putting pressures and demands on gay men that are similar to those felt by heterosexual women. Applying this same lens to lesbian and bisexual women, it has been proposed they may be less prone to eating disorders because they do not share the standards of feminine beauty and pressures placed on heterosexual women by Western culture. While provocative, these theories about the role of physical appearance have not been tested and there is a profound risk in reducing eating disorders in a large group of diverse people to a single mechanism. There is much more to eating disorders than body image. Eating disorders are caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Body Image and Eating Disorders Treatment of LGB People With Eating Disorders There are no treatments specifically for LGB people with eating disorders. Treatments developed for heterosexual patients may be effective when applied with cultural sensitivity. It is important for providers to attend to issues about sexual identity. Therapists can help patients to address internalized homophobia and coming out and to work on self-acceptance and increasing self-esteem. Because LGB people may lack social support, increasing it can also be an important focus of treatment. Unfortunately, LGB people can face increased barriers to treatment. Almost all of the materials about eating disorders are written for cisgender heterosexual women so diverse people may not feel welcome at eating disorder treatment facilities. LGB people may face a lack of culturally competent providers who have both eating disorder expertise and sensitivity to the complexity of their sexual identity. Or they may feel uncomfortable talking about their experiences in treatment environments where the majority of people are heterosexual. They may need extra support and connection with other LGB people. When that cannot be found within their treatment environment, they may find it in support communities online. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Essay about Mother Courage and Her Children - 1589 Words

Mother Courage and her Children, by Bertolt Brecht, is a play which can be seen from varying perspectives. Some consider it to be a comment on the socio-economic aspects of war, others as a criticism of bourgeois capitalism intended to encourage change in modern society. The somewhat tragic events of the play enable critics to consider it a tragedy, but one which, to some extent, diverges from the Aristotelian definition. Aristotle believed that tragedy must revolve around a central character: the tragic hero, on whom the plot focuses and who exhibits certain characteristics, which leads to his, though in this particular case, her, downfall. The role of such a figure is pivotal to the presentation of a play as a tragedy; yet it†¦show more content†¦Alternatively, this contrast could be interpreted as an indication that Mother Courage is morally neither all good nor all bad, a quality which Aristotle states as necessary in a tragic hero. Her intention of and attempt at provid ing for and protecting her family by her existence as a hyena of the battlefield is essentially good, yet it is in fact this very existence which brings about the deaths of her children and her own downfall. According to Aristotle, the audience must witness the tragic hero undeservedly suffer great misfortune. Although the audience disapproves of Mother Courage and her attitudes, we are not presented with a feasible alternative. She is forced into living as a parasite of war by her socio-economic status: she is simply trying to provide for her family and the only crime she commits is the utilization of her gift of tradesmanship. Mother Courages misfortunes are presented as the deaths of her children, which are caused by each individuals sole virtue, so are, in effect, undeserved by Mother Courage. An element of tragedy is removed from the play as Mother Courage does not appear to experience suffering as a result of these losses. However, this does not prevent the evocation of pity from the audience, a key factor of tragedy, as we still perceive her as a consequential victim of the social and economicShow MoreRelatedThe Titular Character Of Mother Courage And Her Children1378 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesThe titular character in Mother Courage and Her Children illuminates an important idea when considering a character’s actions in a time of languishing prosperity. Yet, the characters pivotal actions catalyze the fatality of her three children and in turn represent how morals, in times of survival, waver; the results of tough choices are harsh judgements. Bertolt Brecht, the playwright, uses his innovative approach to theatre to force the audience to detach themselves from their common knowledge ofRead MoreMother Courage And Her Children1186 Words   |  5 PagesMother Courage and her Children is tragic play that highlights the current and after effects of the thirty year war as written by German playwright Bertolt Brecht in 1939. The initial hope with the play was show that mother courage was not the ultimate sympathetic character and that she lead her children to their own demise. A hope that was later cemented in later performances rather than allowing the audien ce to indulge in ideologies they wanted to believe in post war, like perseverance and motherhoodRead MoreAnalysis Of Mother Courage And Her Children 1236 Words   |  5 Pagesstandard, typical, usual, expected and unexceptional among others. In his book, the Steppenwolf, Hermann Hesse explores some of the issues relating to deviation from the norm like how an individual is affected. In addition, the play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† also presents various matters relating to the norm, its significance, and how the environment is altered in case of a deviation. Furthermore, Bertolt Brecht vividly examines how an individual has a difficult time to adapt to the changesRead More Mother Courage and her Children Essay example1551 Words   |  7 PagesMother Courage and her Children Mother Courage and her Children, by Bertolt Brecht, is a play which can be seen from varying perspectives. Some consider it to be a comment on the socio-economic aspects of war, others as a criticism of bourgeois capitalism intended to encourage change in modern society. The somewhat tragic events of the play enable critics to consider it a tragedy, but one which, to some extent, diverges from the Aristotelian definition. Aristotle believed that tragedy mustRead MoreAnalysis Of Mother Courage And Her Children By Bertolt Brecht804 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† is written by Bertolt Brecht, adapted by Scott Stroot here at Western Kentucky University. This play is takes place in Europe around the spring of 1624 and spans at least 10 years. The play is about Mother Courage also known as Anna Fierling, and her three children Kattrin, Eilif, and Swiss Cheese. And over the course of the years she loses all three of her children during The Thir ty-Year War. Mother Courage and her children make their livings off of theirRead More Mother Courage Essay903 Words   |  4 Pages Mother Courage nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It’s always important to be touched. Writers know and understand this idea. Whether the audience feels good or bad about whom or what you present is not as important as the fact that they feel something. Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children is a perfect example of a work that doesn’t leave us in very high spirits but touches us in such a way that it becomes even more powerful than if it had. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the playRead MoreMother Courage and her Children by Bertolt Brecht Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesPractice WiT- Mother Courage and her Children Topic: Analysis of war as a business in the play mother courage and her children In Brecht’s play â€Å"Mother Courage and her Children† he makes it clear that he thinks that war is a â€Å"continuation of business by other means†. To him war is not an unnatural occurrence or even a mistake made by society however it is one of societies many preconditions and is an unavoidable occurrence. Given that this is Brecht’s opinion there are several dialogues all depictingRead More Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesComparing Gender in Mother Courage and Her Children and M. Butterfly    The term gender is commonly used to refer to the psychological, cultural, and social characteristics that distinguish the sexes (Cook 1). From the idea of gender such notions as gender bias and stereotyping have developed. Stereotypes have lead society to believe that a male or female should appear, act, or in more philosophical terms, be a certain way. What these gender stereotypes are and, whether or not they reallyRead MoreThe Family Ties in Frankenstein, Metamorphosis and Mother Courage and her Children1914 Words   |  8 Pagesfollow along with. There are many examples of this throughout this course, but this paper will focus on how three of them use the family dynamic to connect with the reader: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Kafka’s Metamorphosis, and Brecht’s Mother Courage and her Children. One does not have to read far into Frankenstein to get a feel for this idea. The beginning of the story is a series of letters between an explorer named Walton and his sister, Margaret. These content of these letters suggest that WaltonRead More Empathy in Brechts The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and Her Children2414 Words   |  10 PagesLittle Empathy in Brechts The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage and Her Children Brecht is very successful in creating a form of drama where empathy plays little part. In The Good Person of Szechwan it would seem that every action and word is an attempt to alienate us and halt any identification one may chance to make. The indiscernible use of names for characters exaggerating the oriental sound of them is immediately noticeable i.e. Wang, Shin Sun, Shen Te, Shu Ta, etc.

Women s Rights Movement And Abolitionist Movements

2. There were multiple factors which linked the women’s rights movements and the abolitionist movements. Many women joined abolitionist movement as a way to enter public life and have the opportunity to talk about controversial topics. They faced criticism for addressing these controversial issues which prompted them to attempt gain freedom for women as well as those who were enslaved. They tried to use the abolitionist movement as a way to also gain equal rights for a women as there seemed to be a common idea shared between the two. Unfortunately many women antislavery advocates were denied a platform to speak on by male abolitionists which prompted them to start a campaign for women’s rights. Also, there was a â€Å"similarity† in the abuse a free and enslaved women received. Female abolitionists complained that gender roles caused the â€Å"domestic slavery of women† because women did not have any rights in marriage and no individuality which is what they compared to enslave women being assaulted on by their owners. The women used the same arguments regarding rights and equality in abolitionist movement into their own women s’ rights movements. Once women were able to gain their voice through the abolitionist movement they began to advocate more rights for themselves. All in all, we can see that similarities in the abolitionist movement and the women s’ rights movements, were the ideological factors in linking the women’s rights movements and the abolitionist movements. FreeShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Abolitionist Movement Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesBeginning of Women’s Rights Abolitionist Movement Women’s Rights Abolitionists Back in the nineteenth century men and women were not treated equally as they are now. Women did not have as much freedom as the men did and that caused a national movement. Not only were the women segregated from the men, but the discrimination against the African American race was a huge ordeal as well. With both movements combined, it led to a controversial development at that time. Not only were women fighting forRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 19th Century1411 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionists and a reporter Association organized an association against slavery and encouraged the full participation of women. Garrison s idea is not supported by most of the abolitionists. Those abolitionists who did not want women to participate in established another abolitionist organization. Abolitionism, also known as abolition of slavery, is a political movement in order to abolishing the slave trade and slavery system. This movement began in the Age of Enl ightenmentRead MoreFeminists, Abolitionists, and Democracy Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesFeminists, Abolitionists, and Democracy The framework of America’s government was forged in the spirit of democracy. The founding fathers envisioned a nation of free and equal persons and a country where everyone had a voice in the decision-making process. However, it soon became evident that not all people had a voice or even equal rights. Two groups excluded from government were women and African-Americans. These groups rose up to declare their rights to equality and freedom under the law. TheRead MoreThe Antebellum Era: Major Social Reform Movements Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe antebellum period was full of social reform movements based on the urge to eradicate evil and improve human conditions in society. Despite the attempt to deal with a wide variety of reforms to provide positive changes to society these reform movements were met with varying degrees of success. This essay will focus on five of the major social reform movements of that era discussing their accomplishments, failures and impacts on Am erica as a whole. They are the reforms of abolition, women’sRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay615 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout the history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The southRead MoreSummary Of Hobomok : A Tale Of Early Times1136 Words   |  5 PagesConvers, a Unitarian minister, helped to mentor and teach Lydia. Convers was extremely successful, teaching theology at Harvard and participating in the American Transcendentalist movement. In 1821, Lydia wrote the first chapter of her novel, Hobomok: A Tale of Early Times. Her first novel was set in Salem in the 1620’s but the taste of writing quickly caused Lydia to write The Juvenile Miscellany, which was a children’s periodical. Her first novel was received very well as well as her second novelRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Suffrage Movement1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight For Women’s Suffrage The Women’s Suffrage Movement of the 1920’s worked to grant women the right to vote nationally, thereby allowing women more political equality. Due to many industrial and social changes during the early 19th century, many women were involved in social advocacy efforts, which eventually led them to advocate for their own right to vote and take part in government agencies. Women have been an integral part of society, working to help those in need, which then fueled aRead MoreReform Movements853 Words   |  4 PagesReform Movements During the 19th Century there were many reform movements that took place. Reform movements were movements that were organized to reform or change the certain way of things. Reform movements did not always work but the ones that did greatly changed the way our nation operates today. There were three major reform movements that have altered the nation; the abolitionist movement, the temperance movement and the women s suffrage movement. Without these movements, and the great leadersRead MoreThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHarrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery in 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. Harr old mainly focuses his book on the abolitionist movement and the effect of slavesRead MoreWomen s Rights By Margaret Brent1213 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights did not officially begin to be a problem until 1848. Many believe that it’s been a problem from at most the 1600’s. Colonial women didn’t give a thought about their rights, but there were some female political leaders. Margaret Brent, a woman who had been given power-of-attorney from Lord Baltimore. Judith Sargent Stevens Murray, the writer of the United States’ first feminist theory. â€Å"Will it be said that the judgment of a male of two years old is more sage than that of a female the

Essay on The Role of Nature vs Nurture - 632 Words

The Role of Nature vs Nurture We used to think our fate was in our stars. Now, we know, in large part, that our fate is in our genes. ---James Watson While social research has been steady and ongoing, our biological knowledge has advanced disproportionately in recent times. As we discover more about the role of genes in pre-determining who we are, the nature versus nurture debate seems headed for a tilt of the biological over the environmental. Nature, or our biological aspect, does matter a lot. From the point of fertilization, genes guide the growth of cells, the embryo and eventually the fetus. The physical configuration of the newborn, from the positioning of the limbs right down to dimples, is almost entirely charted by†¦show more content†¦Nowhere do genes exhibit their vital role more dramatically than in the case of genetic disorders. Genetic scientists have uncovered an increasing number of genes that code for diseases such as sickle-cell anemia, Turner syndrome, and many others. It has further been shown how the slightest alteration of the human genome leads to exaggerated, often disastrous results. The role of nurture, on the other hand, is sometimes neglected behind the bustle of scientific discoveries. Though human growth in the womb is guided by strict genetic instructions, external factors are equally capable of influencing growth. Expectant mothers who smoke give birth to infants with lower birth-weight, while drugs and other teratogens are known to affect infant physical and cerebral development. Cases of children abandoned in the wilderness have shown that without social interaction and practice, language does not develop on its own, despite the universal signs of linguistic pre-wiring. In the Rhesus monkey study, the researcher discovered that although some monkeys are by nature more temperamental, leaving them in the care of patient and devoted mother monkeys ameliorates their fiery temper. Likewise, for humans, Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological model of human development argues that human development is influenced by a spectrum of external factors from the closest - the family, up to culture and social milieu. For example, research has shown that children brought up in anShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in sociology (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior (Davidson, 1991, n.p.). Today, the majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture (Macionis, 2009, p. 73). The biggest question now is which one affects human development more: nature or nurture? According to Macionis (2009, p. 72), in the pastRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Addiction1102 Words   |  5 Pages Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an individual. In the science of psychology, many debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts human psychological development; nurture suggests the environment impacts our psychologicalRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture in Mary Shelley ´s Frankenstein1008 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture Francis Galton, the English Victorian polymath first coined the term, Nature vs. Nurture in 1871, when he considered how much influence our upbringing had on our fate, and whether or not our destiny was preset. Long before the term Nature vs. Nurture was coined, Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel, Frankenstein, explored the idea of nature vs. nurture in the context of creation. The greatest exemplification of Nature vs. Nurture in Frankenstein is explored in the fate of the Creature, whoRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. The nurture side of the debate argues that we are born with a clean list andRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in different fields have researc hed on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A debate between psychologist, scientists and philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human developmentRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pageshave multiple influences, but the genes passed down by parents play a huge role in developing how their offspring will turn out to be. Being unable to properly test whether certain characteristics of a person come from genetics or the influences of the environment makes this theory very difficult to understand, thus making the topic of nature vs. nurture extremely controversial. The deb ates always show that nature and nurture contrast but then there may be evidence that suggest that the two are linkedRead MoreAdoption and Nature vs Nurture1028 Words   |  5 Pagesall adopted. Adoption plays a large role in the development of an individual. Adoption plays a role in the long time psychological debate of â€Å"nature vs. nurture†. This paper will address the nature vs. nurture debate, how adoptions plays a role in the debate, give a history of adoption, and tell the story of a personal friend who was adopted and overcame the tragedy of his nature and was able to triumph through his solid nurturing. The nature vs. nurture debate is one of the longest in the fieldRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen an on-going debate between nature and nurture. T.H. White, author of The Once and Future King, explores the debate through many of the book’s characters. The issue clearly appears in the relationship of Queen Morgause and her sons, the Orkney brothers. The debate caused people to pick a side, to pick nature over nurture, or nurture over nature. However, it does not have to be one or the other. Nature and nurture work together to determine who we are. Nature does not simply determine our physicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Nature Vs. Nurture1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of nature vs. nurture, or inherited vs. acquired, is a complex psychological theory that questions how people develop, as a person, in life and how they act. Their impact determines your personality traits, values, morals, and behavior in life. The idea of nature is the belief that people develop into who they are based on genetic traits given to them at birth. For example, some children inherit a musical talent from their parents along with eye color, hair color, and race. These traits

Analysis of Elizabeth Bishops poem The Fish free essay sample

The Theme of True Beauty or Inner Beauty: The Neither her battered boat nor the venerable old fish is beautiful in conventional terms. Their beauty lies in having survived, when the speaker realizes this, victory filled up / the little rented boat she understands that everything / was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow! That is when she lets the fish return to his home in the water. The fish helps Bishop to notice true beauty: The fish is only ugly or grotesque to the entrained or empathic eye (McCabe).The notion causes her to see other objects around her differently. Everything is a rainbow when she looks around. This feeling allows her to release the fish. The release, significant In its own sense, acknowledges Bishops respect for the fish. The poet, struck by the otherworldly beauty w/ which ordinary objects sometimes appear, as if cast in a color not their own, releases her concentrated gaze, gives up both the poem the fish. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Elizabeth Bishops poem The Fish or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The composite image of the shihs essential beautyhis being aliveis developed further in the description of the 5 fishhooks that the captive, living fish carries In his lip. * The Theme of Respect Admiration: The admiration for the fish Is Ironic since he was detested when 1st caught. The relationship teen the fish Bishop becomes even closer when she notices his lip. These broken fishing lines are the turning point teen her the fish. Now, Bishop considers the catch an accomplishment. She sees evidence that 5 others have tried unsuccessfully to bring In this fish.The fish evolves Into a majestic character She Is able to use the description of the fishs lip to evoke the Idea of respect. The fishs beard personifies him, characterizing him as Intelligent. She values the fish because she realizes he has eluded other anglers. The ultimate respect Is expressed w/ the fishs release. Bishop knows the fish .. . Cant be kept, but must be let go (McCabe). Bishop recognizes that she will be able to hold the moment closer as a Emory than by keeping the fish as a trophy.The real theme of Bishops poem Is that of humanitarianism respect for a fishs lifelong will to survive. Analysis of Elizabeth Bishops poem Fish By externally * The Theme of True Beauty or Inner Beauty: allows her to release the fish. The release, significant in its own sense, acknowledges 5 fishhooks that the captive, living fish carries in his lip. The admiration for the fish is ironic since he was detested when 1st caught. The unsuccessfully to bring in this fish.The fish evolves into a majestic character She is able to use the description of the fishs lip to evoke the idea of respect. The fishs beard personifies him, characterizing him as intelligent. She values the fish because she realizes he has eluded other anglers. The ultimate respect is expressed w/ the fishs release. Bishop knows the fish .. . Cant be kept, but must be let memory than by keeping the fish as a trophy. The real theme of Bishops poem is that of humanitarianism respect for a fishs lifelong will to survive.

Tikanga Maori Essay Example

Tikanga Maori Paper (Tikanga Whakaaro, Barlow, C 1996) In all these examples, the word kaupapa is used to describe the type of work or functions to be carried out. Similarly, in the context of government departments, the word kaupapa applies to the setting of policy, for example: Social welfare policy: the policy contains the rules and guidelines, relating to the operations of the department. Maori school policy: this relates to the guidelines, rules, and conditions for setting up independent Maori schools at the primary level. Iwi transition authority policy: since 1989 Maori tribes and government officials have been engaged in a process of determining policy for iwi authorities which following the devolution of the Maori Affairs Department. The word kaupapa can be associated with almost any organization with reference to its policy and practices, particularly in relation to administration. (Tikanga Whakaaro, Barlow,C 1996) Te Toi Whakairo is the art of Maori carving, and Tohunga Whakairo was the great carvers the master craftsmen. A master carver was highly considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Tikanga Maori specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tikanga Maori specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tikanga Maori specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Maori believed that the gods created and communicated through the master carvers. Today, carving is an important Tikanga for Maori. Tapu and noa remain part of Maori culture today. Tapu goes to the heart of Maori religious thought and even though a majority of Maori are members of some Christian church or sect the notion of tapu holds. It is not really a matter of choosing one religion over another. Rather it has to do with integrating different philosophies and making an attempt at reconciling apparent contradictions. tapu is everywhere in our world. It is present in people, in places, in buildings, in things, word, and in all tikanga. tapu is inseparable from mana, from our identity as Maori and from our cultural practices. Maori respect tapu of places and buildings such as the ancestral meeting house. They also respect the tapu of persons including their own. These are ideals and values that Maori believe in but it has to be admitted that many of them no longer know about these values and often do not know what to do. However, tapu remains an important part of Maori actions and of their beliefs. Maori should not step over a sleeping person the reason has to do with the tapu of the person; one should not pass anything over the head of another, the head being the most tapu part of a person. A building is opened at dawn because it is tapu until the moment the builders, carvers and decorators are released from the tapu of creative work and the building is cleared ready for public use. The whole of the tangihanga ceremony cannot be explained unless the notion of tapu is clearly understood. tapu itself was the most powerful, the most important, and the most far reaching into Maori life. (http://www. history-nz. org) Noa is often paired with tapu indicting that often noa refers to restoring a balance. A high level of tapu is regarded as dangerous. Here the role of tikanga and of tohunga is reducing the level of endogenous tapu until it is noa or safe. It is not useful to think of noa as being the opposite of tapu or as absence of tapu. This is plainly not the case. For example a person can be very tapu if one is very ill of there is bleeding and shedding of blood. Once these tapu-increasing symptoms have passed the person returns to a safe state, but still has personal tapu . the state of noa indicates that a balance has been reached, a crisis is over, health is restored and life is normal again. This means relationships are restored. This state coincides with a state of ea and noa. This state might last for several weeks until upset by some unexpected event. (http://www. history-nz. org) Tapu and noa remain part of Maori culture today, although persons today are not subject to the same tapu as that of previous times. A new house today, for example, may have a noa ceremony to remove the tapu, in order to make the home safe before the family moves in. Nowadays, tapu absolutely are still in evidence concerning sickness, death, and burial. Tapu is evident in the Marae and in the Whare as well. The original reasons for some tapu are unclear today, but other reasons for tapu included the conservation of natural environment. This was seen to benefit the community as a whole. (http://www. history-nz. org) In conclusion, this report shows the values, beliefs and ethics that underpin traditional Maori society and make relevance of literature about kaupapa Maori and tikanga Maori, analysis relevant philosophical and culture term of traditional Maori society and culture. Bibliography http://www. history-nz. org New Zealand in History http://tikanga. maori. org. nz The world wide web of Maori Organizations of New Zealand http://tikanga. maori. org. nz/ The main Maori Site on the Net. Barlow,C(1996)Tikanga Whakaaro: Key concepts in Maori Culture, Oxford University Press, Auckland.

Communication And Ethical Issues Essay

Communication And Ethical Issues Essay Communication And Ethical Issues Essay Communication and Ethical Issues The collection of an individual’s specific biological blueprint, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), without consent is not an intrusion of privacy or illegal if collected from hair, skin flakes, semen or saliva if left in a public area or location, as there is no belief of privacy (Thompson, 2007). Many prosecutors equate discarded DNA with refuse, which the courts have allowed as evidence for many investigations. This has been beneficial for many cold case investigators, as access to this DNA allows officers to evaluate evidence from old cases. While this DNA may validate the identity of an accused person, it may also clear the name of an innocent person. The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is a national databank that houses profiles of DNA collected from state and federal governments. The federal government and each state currently require those convicted of certain categories of crime to submit samples of DNA (Hibbert, 2014). The data is cached in CODIS, and allows each participating entity to access and compare crime scene evidence to a database of DNA profiles obtained from offenders who have been convicted of felonies, particularly for sex crime investigations. The Department of Justice (2014) describes the benefits of such an evidence databank. Entry of organic evidence into CODIS improves the ability of investigators to pull existing profiles and match the data to current or existing cases, and help identify the culprit. If existing DNA profiles are matched to offenders, it is possible to prevent others in the community from being crime victims of recurrent, violent offenders. There is reported variability in the retention of DNA, though many states remove samples from exonerated suspects or for those with a reversed conviction. Rhodes (2011) notes that as of 2011, 33 states require retention of DNA evidence as long a person convicted of a serious crimes is imprisoned (para 2). In most cases, a court order is required for destruction of such evidence. Hibbert

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique Essay

Strategic Systems Integration Planning of the Heelz Boutique - Essay Example Choi (2014, p. 260) defined as, â€Å"software that is distributed with its source code under a license that sets out terms and conditions for use, modification, and re-distribution.† Subramanyam and Xia (2008) also provided similar kind of definition while describing the characteristics of Open Source Software (OSS). It is evident from the definition that OSS is being developed through geographically distributed software development platform and online community for volunteer developers. In the last two decades, Open Source Software (OSS) attracted significant amount of attention from business houses, researchers, governments, and researchers, as a lucrative alternative to expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors due to advantages like lower costs and flexibility (Noyes, 2011; Choi, 2014). Subramaniam, Sen, and Nelson (2009) gave examples of renowned OSS such as Firefox (a web browser), MySQL (a relational database management system), Linux (operating s ystem) and Apache (a web server). Open source development depends heavily on the support of the self-organizing community, users and business clients (Crowston, Annabi and Howison, 2003; Crowston et al, 2007). On the other hand, expensive packaged proprietary software from commercial vendors is being developed by paid software developers and such software is being rigorously tested by system engineers. On contrary, OSS is being supervised by volunteer members. Therefore, a degree of systematic approach is pretty less for OSS in comparison to proprietary software.

Your objective is to show the ways in which the document or source. In Essay

Your objective is to show the ways in which the document or source. In the paper please identify the source and its creator. Int - Essay Example "This film from the 1970s reflects that period's questioning of the guilt of convicted atomic spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The film follows the trial very closely and even features actors reading important parts of the trial transcript. It shows many newspaper headlines and much film footage from the period. People interviewed for the film include the authors of an investigative book, a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent, five of the jurors, the prosecutor, an assistant for the defense, and the Rosenbergs' children. The film was originally shown in 1974, but after 100,000 pages of FBI documents were released several years later, a new introduction and postscript were added and it was re-televised in 1978. In the addition, some of the testimony of the witnesses against the Rosenbergs is questioned and the judge is claimed to have broken the ethical code of judges. The film concludes that the Rosenbergs were not executed because they were guilty but because they refused t o admit they were guilty." i Another primary source is Judge Kauffman's Statement Upon Sentencing the Rosenbergs which is available at the link: http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ROS_SENT.HTM. In this statement, the judge sentenced the couple to death saying that their crime was worst than murder and that they entered such "serious conspiracy with full realization of the implications." convicted.

History Of Measuring Consumer Ethnocentrism Marketing Essay

History Of Measuring Consumer Ethnocentrism Marketing Essay For marketers it is essential to understand the importance of attitudes, motives, beliefs and attitude change in the study of Marketing and Consumer Behavior. Therefore, Consumer Behavior is about the perceptive of the consumers needs and what affect their purchase intention. Consumer behavior can be distinct as the study of individuals, groups or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use and dispose of products, services, experiences or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society (Hawkins, 2001). It covers the field from psychology, sociology and economics. With the open-door-policy in 1979, China has improved its trade relations with the rest of the world. China benefited from foreign direct investments and its export expansion. Today, China is the second largest economy in the world. The rapid growth in China led to an increase in consumption. Chinese consumers nowadays have comprehensive choices in buying different kind of products. Due to the open-door-policy, many overseas companies have entered China and benefited from the increased consumer spending. Chinese consumers can choose from foreign goods that are imported from overseas or manufactured by foreign companies in China, or domestic goods. Due to the increased foreign investments, domestic companies face fierce competition in several markets. Markets are globalizing in China but Chinese consumers still keep buying local products. The globalization affects consumer behavior but China has a strong traditional culture which remains noticed in the countrys choice of product purch ase. According to Mooij (2011), globalization can also cause a strengthening of local identities. Studies have identified that consumers in developing countries have a different perception than consumers in developed countries towards local made products. The consumers in developing countries believe that foreign sourced goods are better than local made products. Belk (1996) identified that globalization can lead to motives to resist the globalization policies, such as localism, ethnogenesis and the neo-nationalism. Further research about this paradox can be an effective way for investors, entrepreneurs, companies and producers to develop and enhance their marketing strategy in China. There have been several studies about consumer ethnocentrism and its effect on consumer behavior and purchase intention. Most of the studies have their focus on the Western consumers. There has been little emphasis on the research of Chinese consumer purchasing behavior and evaluation towards consumer ethnocentrism, which leads to a scarce knowledge of the Chinese consumers. This study focuses at explaining the degree of consumer ethnocentrism and its assumptions on evaluation of several products. This research will focus on food products by Chinese consumers. To explain the relationship there has to be a literature review to issue the concepts in the research and analyzing existing studies on consumer ethnocentrism to understand the theoretical background. Secondly, a research question and the hypotheses will be described and after the methodology will be explained. To test the hypotheses, data will be collected. At last, after evaluation of the hypotheses, a conclusion can be drawn from the present study. 1.1 Problem statement Chinese consumers are shifting towards other consuming patterns as the economy grows faster than any other country in the World. The behavior of Chinese consumers has shown significant changes in the couple of years. In the 12th five-year plan, the Chinese government wants to boost its domestic consumption. The changes have led to a declining demand for foreign goods. An explanation can be that Chinese consumers are becoming more ethnocentric because of the favoring for domestic products. The central question in this research is therefore: Does Consumer Ethnocentrism (CE) apply for the Chinese consumer towards food products? Which moderators are influencing the relationship between CE and the outcomes of CE for Chinese consumers towards food products? 1.2 Research method A literature review is needed in order to answer the central question. A literature review is needed to gain insight about a suitable method to measure Consumer Ethnocentrism. It is important to set a theoretical background to gain insight about the factors that are influencing CE, the effects of CE and the moderators that are influencing the relationship between CE and the outcomes of CE. A conceptual framework can be developed after a literature review. In this framework, the factors that can be found that are influencing CE and also the outcomes and moderators that are influencing the relationship between CE and the outcomes, will be presented. The final conceptual model will be empirical tested. This research will be a quantitative research. A questionnaire will be developed and a convenience sample will be used to collect data. A total of 210 questionnaires will be delivered randomly to adult participants. 1.3 Thesis structure In Chapter 2, there will be an explanation how Consumer Ethnocentrism can be measured and if this is applicable in this research. In Chapter 3 there will be a brief description of the Chinese consumer market. In Chapter 4, the conceptual framework of Consumers Ethnocentrism will be developed and thereby its hypotheses. This framework will be the basis for the empirical research that will be described in Chapter 5. At last, the conclusions, limitations and recommendations will be discussed in Chapter 6. 2. Theoretical background 2.1 Ethnocentrism The concept ethnocentrism was first introduced by Sumner (1906). According to the author, ethnocentrism is the tendency to perceive that a particular ethnic or cultural group is being more significant than other groups. Individuals who tend to be more ethnocentric find their group better than others, who are seen as inferior. Ethnocentric individuals have developed an own perspective of how they see people or groups and they dont accept individuals who are different from them (Netemeyer et al., 1991; Shimp and Sharma, 1987). In the field of sociology Lewis (1976) argued that individuals tend to give their group members a privileged treatment than non-group members. Thus, ethnocentrism established the development of in-groups, which is the group of the individual as pride and on the other side a disfavor for out-groups (Levin Campbell, 1972). According to Lynn (1976) ethnocentrism is part of the human nature. Thus, the phenomenon can be used for large diversity of societal groups including the local community, regions and nations. In the study of Chryssochoidis et al (2007, p. 1518) he issued: ethnocentrism is based on the formation of we-group feelings, whereby the in-group is the focal point and all out-groups are judged in relation to it. Levinson (1950) also related ethnocentrism to cultural narrowness which explains behavioral tendencies of favoring the individuals with the same culture and excluding other cultures, who are not the same. 2.2 Consumer ethnocentrism Consumer ethnocentrism is derived from the psychological concept of ethnocentrism and particularly points out to ethnocentric perceptions held by consumers in one country, the so called in-group, towards products from a different country, the out-group (Shimp and Sharma, 1987; Shankarmahesh, 2004). Ethnocentrism is adapted in order to suit Consumer behavior, which is suitable for marketers. Ethnocentrism has already been discussed to the study of consumer behavior in the 1970s (Markin, 1974; Berkman et al, 1978). Shimp and Sharma (1987) defined the concept in order to suit the field of marketing. Sharma, Shimp Shin (1995) argue that the ethnocentric tendencies of consumers are influenced by social-psychological and demographic factors. The basic conceptual model of Sharma, Shimp Shin (1995) shows that Consumer Ethnocentric is the focal concept that is related to demographic variables (age, gender, education) and social physiological variables (openness to foreign cultures, patriotism, collectivism/individualism and conservatism). The result of Consumer ethnocentrism is overestimating the domestic products and underestimating the import products. Thus, Consumer Ethnocentrism is a significant factor towards import product attitude. In their model, there is also a moderating factor. The model issues that when products are perceived as not necessary, consumers will have stronger ethnocentric tendencies towards the attitude of import products. Sharma, Shimp Shin (1995) have tested this conceptual model in Korea. Results have shown that there is a negative correlation between openness to foreign cultures and Consumer ethnocentrism. This shows that people who are open to foreign cultures, are less ethnocentric. There is a positive correlation between patriotism and Consumer ethnocentrism. The demographic variable gender is also significant related to CE: women show more ethnocentric tendencies than men. The study also identified that higher education leads to less ethnocentric tendencies. The research did not find a negative correlation between age and CE. Consumer Ethnocentrism tendencies Antecedents Openness to foreign cultures Patriotism Conservatism Collectivism/individualism Attitude towards imports Moderators Perceived necessity Economic threat Demographics Age Gender Education Figure : Basic model Sharma, Shimp Shin (1995) Consumer ethnocentrism is about the perceived appropriateness and morality when buying foreign products and preferring domestic goods over foreign goods which can be seen as consumer loyalty (Shimp and Sharma, 1987). According to Shrimp and Sharma (1987) highly ethnocentric consumers tend to believe that purchasing foreign-produced goods will affect the countrys economy negatively and will cause unemployment. Conversely, non-ethnocentric consumers, who do not consider ethnocentric beliefs, have no bias where a product is produced. These consumers will consider their purchase based on evaluation of the merits of the products. Shimp and Sharma (1987) state: The family unit would be expected to be the primary socialization agent, but adult opinion leaders, peers and mass media would also influence a childs ethnocentric orientation during the prime period of early childhood socialization. This statement explains that an adults perception is created by what he or she has learned and exper ienced as a child. According to Lingquist (2001) the degree of ethnocentrism is influenced by the developed levels of different regions. In some studies there has been concluded that consumers in developing countries tend to perceive foreign sourced products as prestigious and of high quality while on the other side, developed countries tend to perceive domestic products as prestigious and of higher quality (Agbonifoh and Elimimian, 1999; Bow and Ford, 1993; Sklair, 1994; Wang et al., 2000). Sharma et al. (1995) assume that the less significant product categories lead to greater ethnocentric tendencies and behavior by consumers. Orth Firbasova (2003) and Dosen Krupka (2007) have researched the food industry, where it has been identified that ethnocentric consumers have more willingness to purchase domestic food products instead of foreign food products. To measure consumer ethnocentrism, Shimp and Sharma (1987) developed The Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE). The CETSCALE is a 17-item predictor of consumer ethnocentrism (Lindquist et al. 2001). This measurement distinguishes consumers whether they are highly ethnocentric or not, thus consumers scoring high on this scale will tend to prefer domestic products over foreign ones. There are several researchers that use the CETSCALE with their own modification for aiming on employment impact, patriotism and economic impact in studies (Lindquist et al., 2001; Cleveland et al., 2009). The scale has been applied widely in different countries, such as Turkey, France and the Czech Republic (Klein et al., 2006). Herche (1992) identified that the CETSCALE is able to forecast consumers choices to buy domestic or foreign products. He argues that this measurement is even better than demographic and marketing mix variables. According to Balabanis (2001), the Customer ethnocentric mea sure of buying intentions differs from countries. Good and Huddleston (1995) agreed on this. They identified that Polish consumers find it significant to purchase foreign goods, contrary to Russian consumers. In a research study of Wei (2008) he issues that the Consumer ethnocentrism will decrease when brand sensitivity and product cues are taken in account. These factors will influence the purchase intention of the consumer. The CETSCALE will be further explained in paragraph 2.3. 2.3 CETSCALE The central question in this research is: Does Consumer Ethnocentrism apply for the Chinese consumer towards food products? This question can only be explored if there is a method to measure CE. There are different kinds of methods and tools to measure CE, but the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale is the most common used. Shimp and Sharma (1987) have developed this scale to measure CE (see 3.1). Previous studies have tested this scale on its reliability and validity (see 3.2 and 3.3). At last there will be a conclusion if this CETSCALE is valid for measuring CE in this research. 2.3.1 Measuring Consumer-ethnocentrism The first study to measure CE was done by Shimp (1984). He came to a conclusion that measuring CE was being hindered by a suitable tool. Before Shimp developed the CETSCALE, there were other tools, such as the famous F- and E-scales of Adorno et al. (1950). These scales were able to measure ethnocentric tendencies but were useless because of the commonality and dated nature of the scales. Shimp (1984) used an open question to test CE empirically. He used the following sentence: Please describe your views of whether it is right and appropriate for American consumers to purchase products that are manufactured in foreign countries. The question is aimed on the perception of the respondent, questioning if buying foreign products is ethical. Shimp (1984) indicated that the choice for an open question is legitimate, given that the concept of CE is very complex and the relevant dimensions were not known at that moment. Shimp Sharma (1987) developed and validated a multi-item scale to measure the CE of individual consumers: the CETSCALE, which stands for Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale. The CETSCALE consist 17 items, with a 7-point Likert-scale ranged from Totally disagree (1) to Totally agree (7). The 17-item CETSCALE is validated and tested on its reliability in three studies, which are the four area study, Carolinas study and crafted-with-pride study. Shimp Sharma (1987) also developed a shortened version of the CETSCALE for the national consumer good study. This scale consists 10 items of the original 17-item scale. This is because the 17-item scale is often being used for commercial market research. For this subset scale Shimp Sharma (1987) use a five-point Likert-scale. In table 1, the 17-item and the subset 10-item scale is shown. 17-item CETSCALE 10-item CETSCALE 1 American people should always buy American-made products instead of imports. 2 Only those products that are unavailable in the U.S. should be imported. 1 Only those products that are unavailable in the U.S. should be imported. 3 Buy American-made products. Keep America working. 4 American products, first, last, and foremost 2 American products, first, last, and foremost 5 Purchasing foreign-made products is un-American 3 Purchasing foreign-made products is un-American 6 It is not right to purchase foreign products, because it puts Americans out of jobs. 4 It is not right to purchase foreign products, because it puts Americans out of jobs. 7 A real American should always buy American-made products. 5 A real American should always buy American-made products. 8 We should purchase products manufactured in America instead of letting other countries get rich off us. 6 We should purchase products manufactured in America instead of letting other countries get rich off us. 9 It is always best to purchase American products. 10 There should be very little trading or purchasing of goods from other countries unless out of necessity. 11 Americans should not buy foreign products, because this hurts American business and causes unemployment. 7 Americans should not buy foreign products, because this hurts American business and causes unemployment. 12 Curbs should be put on all imports. 13 It may cost me in the long-run but I prefer to support American products. 8 It may cost me in the long-run but I prefer to support American products 14 Foreigners should not be allowed to put their products on our markets. 15 Foreign products should be taxed heavily to reduce their entry into the U.S. 16 We should buy from foreign countries only those products that we cannot obtain within our own country. 9 We should buy from foreign countries only those products that we cannot obtain within our own country. 17 American consumers who purchase products made in other countries are responsible for putting their fellow Americans out of work. 10 American consumers who purchase products made in other countries are responsible for putting their fellow Americans out of work. Table 1: The CETSCALE of Shimp Sharma (1987) 2.3.2 International reliability The basic requirements of a scale, that can be used in several countries, is the reliability of a scale (Craig Douglas 2000). In case a scale is being used in a different country than where the scale is developed, there can be a measurement invariance. This refers to observing the construct in different conditions and studying constructs where the measurement does not always measure the same attribute. Linguistically or conceptual inequality of measuring instruments can cause variations in the reliability. This is a threat to the validity of conclusions. The focus on the study of the reliability is to obtain the same results when using the existing measuring instrument in a different context, different way or different point of time. These tools do not have to be reliable in every context, despite the attempt to develop tools that can be used in every culture (Craig Douglas 2000). Therefore, the CETSCALE does not have to be reliable everywhere. If the scale in the United states giv es a good reflection of the items that are measuring the CE in the United States, however this does not mean that these are the right items for a different country (Douglas Craig 2000, p.277). It is important to determine if the CETSCALE is international reliable and therefore suitable in other countries. The reliability of a scale can be identified in multiple ways. There are two parts of reliability of the CETSCALE that come up for discussion: The internal consistency and the dimensionality of the CETSCALE and the stability of the CETSCALE over time. The internal consistency is being measured with the Cronbachs Alpha. The Cronbachs alpha measures if the items of the CETSCALE truly measure one concept: Consumer Ethnocentrism. The internal consistency has to be large enough (alpha higher than 0.60) to measure CE with the CETSCALE. When this is the case, the items can be considered as reliable indicators of CE (Hair et al. 1998). When a low alpha occurs, the respondents do not have consistent image of the concept and in that case the measurement is not reliable. A requirement by measuring the internal consistency of a set of items, is that the items are one-dimensional (Hair et al. 1998). This means that the items have to be interdependent and combined they have to measure one concept (Hair et al. 1998). Factor analyses are important to measure the dimensionality of a set of items by determine several factors (Hair et al. 1988). For one-dimensionality all items of the CETSCALE have to load high on one single factor (Hair et al. 1998). The stability of the CETSCALE over time is being measured by a test/retest method. The consistency of the answers of a respondent is being measured at different moments. The objective of this method is to be sure that the answers do not vary over time, in order for the CETSCALE to be considered reliable at every moment (Hair et al. 1998). According to Hair et al. (1998) Cronbachs alpha is being defined as: Cronbachs Alpha is most widely used objective measure of reliability. It is used to measure the internal consistency of a test or scale. The measurement is expressed as number of 0 and 1, whereby the nearer Cronbachs Alpha coefficient is to 1, the better the internal consistency of the set of variables. Internal consistency and dimensionality of the CETSCALE Shimp Sharma (1987) were the first researchers that executed four distinctive studies to determine the reliability of the 17-item CETSCALE. These studies have shown that the internal consistency of the CETSCALE is very high; the Cronbachs alpha of the four studies varies from 0.94 to 0.96. The internal consistency and the dimensionality of the CETSCALE is identified in several studies and countries (Appendix 1). The alpha coefficients in the appendix show a consistency. That implies that the alpha in every study lies about 0.90 (with exception of the alpha for Hungary in the study of Lindquist et al. (2000)). In any other cases the internal consistency meets the minimum of 0.60.Orth Fibrasova (2003) have studied the role of CE towards the evaluation of food. They have found a high Cronbachs Alpha value for the CETSCALE and imply that the CETSCALE is internal consistent. There are different opinions about the amount of items of the scale that must be used. Shimp Sharma (1987) have used 10 items in the national consumer good study, because of the limited possibilities in the questionnaire. Lindquist et al. (2001) have studied the dimensionality of the shortened 10-item CETSCALE in Hungary, Czech and Poland. According to this research, the CETSCALE does not have a universal good fit in the central- and east-European countries. They assume that a scale that can be used in every country does not exist. Therefore, they suggest to use a part of the CETSCALE items and add some land specific or population specific items to effectively measure the CE. Another problem the authors have identified is the translation of the CETSCALE. The authors imply that the scale functions better in English then translated to their native languages in their research. The authors emphasize that the back-translation technique must be used to set up an accurate translation of the scale. Stability of the CETSCALE over time Shimp Sharma (1987) have used the test-/retest method by doing the research twice with a interim period of five weeks. These studies have found comparable alpha values. Shimp Sharma (1987) conclude that the CETSCALE is stable over time. Nielsen Spence (2001) have also researched the stability of the CETSCALE over time. They studied the stability in the United States over an eight week period during the summer of 1992. In this period they have found that the CETSCALE-scores are stable over time but by investigating different groups, the scores can vary over time. They conclude that a longer period of data collection, scores can vary more. 2.3.3 International validity The validity of a scale refers whether a scale or set of measurements measures the focal concept accurate (Hair et al. 1998). The three most accepted types of validity are convergent, discriminant and nomological validity. Convergent validity examines the degree to which the operationalization converges with other known measuring instruments of the concept. Discriminant validity assures that the scale differs enough of other similar concepts and nomological validity measures if the scale shows the relationship based on previous studies or theories. These types of validity are empirical tested by defining the correlation between theoretical defined sets of variables (Hair et al. 1998). Convergent validity This type of validity examines the correlation between two measurements that measure the same concept (Hair et al. 1998, p. 118). A researcher can look for this and find an alternative tool to measure CE and correlate this method with the CETSCALE. If the correlations are high, then the CETSCALE truly measures CE. Shimp Sharma (1987) have found a convergent validity in their study. The 17-item CETSCALE correlates with the open question of Shimp (1984). This correlation (r (=correlation coefficient) =0.54, n=388, p Discriminant validity Discriminant validity is the degree where two concepts are different. This type of validity examines the correlation between measurements. In this case, the CETSCALE is being correlated with a different conceptual measurement. The correlation has to be low, as it shows that the CETSCALE differs enough comparing to another measurement (Hair et al. 1998, p. 118). Shimp Sharma (1987) have found evidence for discriminant validity. Three constructs are being used in the studies (patriotism, politics, economic conservatism and dogmatism) that are related to Consumer Ethnocentrism. The researchers have used a test of Fornelll Larcker (1981). They assume that the average variance of the separated constructs is larger than the variance where the constructs are being combined. They have found that this is the case for the CETSCALE and the politic-economic conservatism-scale. The variance distinctive is 71% for the CETSCALE and 61% for the conservatism-scale, as the combined variance of the two constructs is 34%. Thus, Shimp and Sharma (1986) indicate that there is a discriminant validity. The study of Sharma, Shimp Shin (1995) also proves that there is a discriminant validity between CE and the product attitude towards foreign goods. They have found this through a factor analyses on the 17-item CETSCALE and the 10 attitude items. Findings have shown that the CETSCALE items and the attitude-items load on two different factors. A factor analyses have shown that the correlation between the two constructs (r = 0.568) differs significantly . Thus, these two constructs are not similar. Nomological validity Nomological validity examines how far the CETSCALE can give an accurate prediction for other concepts in a model that is based on theories. In this case, a research must identify theoretical supporting relationships from earlier studies, then he has to determine if the scale has comparable correlations (Hair et al. 1998, p.118). For the 17-item scale Shimp and Sharma (1987) have used the CETSCALES-scores of the respondents to determine the nomological validity. Shimp and Sharma (1987) applied different measuring instruments of Warshaw (1980), Fishbein Ajzen (1975) and Ajzen Fishbein (1980). These tools have been used two years before the development of the CETSCALE to investigate the purchase of a domestic or foreign car. The purchase of a foreign car is negative correlated with the CETSCALE score of the ethnocentric respondents of Shimp and Sharma (1987). Furthermore, the ethnocentric consumers have less favorable cognitive structures and attitudes regarding foreign cars than non-ethnocentric consumers. These results imply the nomological validity of the Consumer Ethnocentrism concept and measuring this concept with the CETSCALE. The 10-item scale is also tested on its nomological validity by Shimp and Sharma (1987). They have tested this by looking to the country origin of the manufactures. According to this study, the country of origin of the manufacturer is an important purchase consideration when the scores on the CETSCALE increase. Consumers with a higher score on the CETSCALE are likely to choose for American manufactures and have less preference for European and Asian manufactures. Predictive validity Herche (1992) has some remarkable notes about the predictive validity of the CETSCALE. He assumes that the predictive validity of the CETSCALE is product specific (the predictive validity for cars is higher than computers). Herche (1992) gives several explanations for this phenomena. First, when buying a more expensive product, people tend to have more ethnocentric tendencies because these transactions have a bigger economic impact. Another possibility is that if there are no acceptable domestic goods available, even ethnocentric consumers are being forced to purchase foreign goods. Also, the degree of involvement can be responsible for the difference between product categories. Purchases with a higher involvement can evoke emotional reactions about the country origin. However, this does not have to be true because the involvement of a purchase of a car does not has to be bigger than the purchase of a computer. Witkowski (1998) assumes that the predictive validity of the CETSCALE does not has to be product specific but also country specific. He has found this assumption in his study in Mexico and Hungary. Respondents in this study are asked to give nine durable products in the past three years. There was a significant negative relationship between the CETSCALE-scores and the purchase of a foreign car, television, video recorder and washer in Hungary. No significant relationship was found between CE and the purchases in Mexico. 2.3.4 CETSCALE in this research The internal consistency of the scale is high in most of the studies and meets the minimum requirements of the Cronbachs alpha value of 0.60. Orth Fibrasova (2003) have done studies of the role of CE regarding food products. To measure CE, they make use of the CETSCALE. In this research the shortened 10-item scale of Shimp Sharma (1987) will be used. The main reason the use the 10-item scale is because the length of the questionnaire has to be limited. In paragraph 3.3, sufficient evidence has found for the international validity of the CETSCALE. Thus, the CETSCALE is an useful scale to measure CE in China. 3. Chinas consumer market Due to the globalization of markets, there is an abundance of foreign goods in China. Domestic companies had to face strong competition of foreign companies during the last ten years. According to Cui (1999), the Chinese consumer market has the largest growth opportunity in the world. The market of 1.3 billion people, with an emerging spending power of the middle income class, is an enormous opportunity for producers of consumer goods. Each year 10 million new Chinese consumers enter the market. In 2010, Chinas consumer market was approximately worth $1.7 trillion. According to Forbes (2011) the domestic consumer market in China could grow to about $15 trillion within ten years. A.T. Kearney (2007) assumes that the middle class will increase its consumptions especially on food, the branded food product market supposed to increase from $150 billion to $650 billion by 2017. The statistics show that the mediocre